Small Boat Cooling System Operation and Maintenance

Small Boat Cooling System Operation and Maintenance There are two common engine cooling schemes in small vessels. Raw water cooling circulates seawater through the engine block directly, while closed loop cooling utilizes a heat exchanger to isolate the engine coolant from seawater which carries the excess heat out of a vessel. Both systems have similar components and operation. The more complex of the two systems is actually two simple cooling loops in series. The concepts are easy to understand and so are the fixes to common problems. Raw Water or Open Cooling We will follow the path of the water from the sea into the intake which is fitted with a valve called a seacock to close the opening if a coolant line fails. These connections are large and will put several hundred gallons per minute into your hull if they fail. The cooling water passes through a strainer which should be checked each day. Emptying this little basket of garbage is very important since it will impede the flow to the engine which could cause damage. Expensive damage. Next the seawater travels through a hard piped line or sometimes flexible hose to the cold side of the engine cooling system. Any soft lines should be secured with double band clamps on each connection, they should be checked very often for failure or wear. On its journey through the engine the cool sea water absorbs heat by passing through small channels cast into the engine components. These channels give plenty of surface area where heat can be absorbed but they do have drawbacks like clogging and freezing in cold weather. As the seawater exits it passes though a thermostat which can be a automotive spring type device or a sensor connected to a automatic gate valve. If the water is below the ideal temperature threshold for the engine cooling water by passes the engine until heat removal is required. A cold running engine is bad for the machinery and the efficiency of an engine. The cooling water and exhaust gasses are combined in a wet exhaust system where they exit the vessel. If exhaust is aerial then cooling water passes through another seacock to exit the hull. Closed Loop Cooling This type of cooling is very similar to raw water cooling except in place of an engine theres a heat exchanger. Basically a tube within a tube that transfers heat without allowing liquids to mix. The coolant circulates on the engine side while raw seawater circulates on the heat exchanger side. Other than this important point all operations are similar. Pros and Cons of Open and Closed Systems Open Pros: simple and well known, no chemicals, if hard piped the only maintenance is cleaning the strainer. Cons: Prone to clogging with debris, pure water allowed to freeze in engine passages will crack the engine block, in some environments the inside of the system can become home to mussels and barnacles. Closed Pros: Much less time to bring a engine to a stable operating temperature, less temperature fluctuation increases fuel and power efficiency, winterizing tasks and cold damage are minimized, if a clog appears it will be in the heat exchanger side which can be easily serviced; a clog in an engine passage requires disassembly excess heat can be used for space heating. Cons: Marine coolant is expensive and many systems have a high capacity, potential to leak coolant into the surrounding water, additional anodes must be placed and monitored for signs of corrosion. Whats the Best Marine Cooling System? The answer depends on you location and operations. Fouling and clogs are the biggest issue for most operators and local knowledge works best for these situations. If you must choose one type of system over another and everything else seems equal, then take a look at the anti-fouling paint used in your area. If it is meant to aggressively prohibit growth of marine life, then you should consider a closed system to reduce the risk of damage. How to Flush Your Work Boat Cooling System While there are a couple thousand large ships in the global merchant fleet, there are perhaps a couple hundred thousand smaller work boats. Operators of these boats are often also owners and to keep costs down some go without professional maintenance services. If you choose this approach it will save money, although it does increase the risk of damage due to human error. Working carefully and understanding some of the underlying concepts of you equipment will assure the job is done correctly while still saving money. Many of us have entered this profession through the world of small boats. Those long days spent at the marina washing recreational boats for extra spending money turned into more complex jobs. Soon, those little electrical and plumbing jobs earned a few dollars, and hopefully a good reputation. Then one day, while crammed under the helm station of a ship, the thought crosses your mind; how did I get here? Formal education  is available for these jobs and many excellent schools will give you a comprehensive understanding of the systems of any size vessel.

ACCT 712 Essays

ACCT 712 Essays ACCT 712 Essay ACCT 712 Essay ACCT 712 Final Exam 1. Net cash will be different from a companys net income because of the changes in working capital (inventories, receivables, etc. ) which is derived in the operating flows on a cash flow statement. By taking net income and making adjustments to reflect the changes, net cash flow from operating section will show how cash was generated. Another main reason is the translation process from accrual accounting to cash accounting because for example revenue reported on a accrual basis may not have been collected but on the cash flow statement and changes in cash is accounted for. For the operating section of the cash flow (CF) statement a positive sign will show high quality and identifies that the cash is flowing is available to pay operating expenses. For the investing section of the CF statement a negative sign will usually show investing of capital expenditures, investments, acquisitions. For a growing company a negative investing flow is preferred to show grow potential. Lastly, the financing section of the CF statement should show a positive to be evidence in the ability to pay debts or other flows. A growing company would show negative cash low due to the start up of taking out debt to finance capital within a growing company. Investing and financing sections for a growing company will likely show a negative due to the growth potential and start up of limited cash flows available. Sale proceeds from a sale of accounts receivable will result in a gain on sale affecting the balance sheet, income statement, CF statement. 2. Intrinsic value method is the difference between the market price and the preset strike price at any point in time. It represents the amount realized by the option holder, if exercised. Also known as the true value of a companys stock. Fair value method total compensation expense is computed based on the fair value of the options expected to vest on the date the options are granted to the employees. Estimation is done by using an option-pricing model such as the Black- Scholes to estimate fair value. From a investors perspective, the fair value method is preferred because of reporting more transparency to investors as well as restoring market confidence in financial reporting. This method requires expensing all stock options by allocation when the service is performed. In addition, by valuing at fair value, it appears consistent and comparable to the end user of a financial statement. From an companys perspective, the intrinsic value is favored over the fair value method because when employees are granted the stock options, it is reported as compensation expense. But due to the intrinsic value method, most employee stock plan option at the measurement date is zero because the option is set equal to the market price at the date that the options are granted. Thus, showing no compensation expense and only a foot note disclosure. In my opinion, I prefer the ntrinsic value method because accounting is based on present values that are realized not assumptions or estimates of values by using an option-pricing model. 3. arrangement Step2: Do the continuing cash flows result from a migration or a continuation of activities? No, the royalty agreement does not provide for a migration or a continuation of activities. The revenue-producing activities and cost generating activities of the component before the disposal transaction were the manufacturing and sale of medical devices. No continuance of those activities after the disposal ransaction; therefore, the cash flows associated with the royalty fee are indirect cash flows. Accordingly, Step 3, an evaluation of the significance of the continuing cash flows, is not necessary. Step 4: Is there significant continuing involvement in the operations of the disposed component? No ability to significantly influence is based on the insignificance of the royalty agreement to the overall operations of the disposed component. Also, the ongoing entity is involved in the operations of the disposed component is limited to the ability to receive Just a royalty for five years. Lastly, no rights by the agreement enable the ongoing entity to exert significant influence over the disposed component. Thus, the continuing cash flows are indirect cash flows and the ongoing entity will not have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the disposed component, this will be classified as a discontinued operation. . FASB is looking to make changes to lease accounting that would affect almost every organization. Lessees would be required to recognize in their balance sheets an asset representing the right to use the leased property over the estimated lease erm and a liability to make estimated future lease payments for each lease under this proposed capital lease method. This would ultimately eliminate the accounting and reporting of leases classified as operating leases. This impact could face timing recognition issues for example study analysis of financial data reveals that the proposal would depress company profits, economic growth and financial stability because it does not accurately reflect the economics of the lease transaction. 5. The three motivations for earnings management: 1) Compensation compensation is the driving force in management especially alary bonuses, whether pay is linked to performance, or controlling operating results compensation is very important to be profitable in a large part to motivation manipulation. For example, a more high-powered compensation is necessary to incentivize effort when earnings management is possible. 2) Covenant violation- by violating covenants this can cause interest rate to increase. Managers that violated covenants can avoid default by making income- increasing accounts choices. Such actions may improve the firms bargaining positions in cases of renegotiations. As a result, this usually leads to higher cost of orrowing or new restrictive covenants. ) Provide window dressing for IPO This relates to market incentives to manage earnings when there is a connection between reported earnings and the companys market value. Managers can use accounting discretion to increase earnings in the periods affecting an initial public offerings or a seasoned equity offerings to build also decline following offerings. The difference between real earnings management and accounting earnings management is real earnings management involves discretionary spending, manipulation of p roduction, selling of assets, stock options, or repurchase stock. Accounting earnings management is the way real earnings is accounted for within classifications, for example discretionary accruals or management buyouts. Earnings management is not necessarily bad from the shareholders perspective because by allowing managers to manipulate earnings figures mangers can meet a pre-specified target. But abusive earnings management would be considered bad due to the excessive income smoothing. Different methods used by managers can be very complex and confusing, which makes it very difficult for shareholders to pick up on accounting frauds before they happen.

Academic English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Academic English - Essay Example The different areas of recognition that came from the child labor movement have proven that there are no circumstances in which child labor is an acceptable cause. Since it moves against the child’s natural physical and mental development, it is a detriment to the child to be forced to move into a labor situation and to not have the needs of a child that is growing in society. There are several companies that find it acceptable to use child labor, specifically because of the surrounding circumstances and economy. For most, this leads to a different level of reinforcement that provides the economy with more manufactured goods. More importantly, adults that aren’t able to work are able to allow their children to work under certain circumstances to support the family and the needs that are a part of the household. The main reason why child labor is continuously used is to help a family to move out of poverty and to better the circumstances in which the family is living in. More importantly, some countries have established roles with children that are based specifically on roles that the children should hold. Traditional ideals of the women’s role in society, implications of what the child is to do after they have gone through school and educational factors all influence the decision of the family to move a child into the labor force as opposed to helping them to go through the extra schooling that is required for the betterment of their cognitive development (Siddiqi, Patrinos, 2004). The several reasons behind child labor expand into the need for survival which is depicted by the family and those that are in the surrounding environment. In many countries, the concept of schooling and cognitive development is considered as secondary and isn’t as pertinent to the economic needs that are within the household. The traditional role of the household sees the aspect of child labor as one that is expected and which is a part of the upbringing of a child.

Evidenced Ba sed Practice and Research in Nursing Essay

Evidenced Ba sed Practice and Research in Nursing - Essay Example Mermel et al. (2009) recommends peripheral IV’s to be changed after every 72 hours at least to minimize the infection rate (p. 1-45). It has been established that thrombophlebitics and bacterial colonization of catheters are at high risk when catheters are in place for more than 72 hours. Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) is used instead of short peripheral catheter, when IV therapy will take more than six days (Mermel et al., 2009). If a bio-patch is present, seven days can pass before they are changed unless catheter-related infection occurs. The use of a central line insertion bundle reduces the risk of infection (Guerin et al., 2010). The Central line dressing should be changed every five to seven days if it has a bio-patch or as instructed or if the dressing becomes wet, loose or dirty; to minimize the probability of infection. Most patients in the ICU suffer from catheter-related bloodstream infections. These infections result in huge hospital bills, and patients stay longer in hospitals for treatment and some of the patients give in to infections and die. I would take advantage of evidenced based practice and research within my graduate role by demonstrating competency for central line dressing changes. Moreover, I would use this information as a guideline to help the patient get well without incurring extra costs on infection treatment that could be prevented by good handling of catheters. I would ensure this by reviewing the evidence and recommendations for central line maintenance. Being an educated graduate, I would educate all necessary staff on the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. K. (2009). Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases, 49(1),

The Business Cycle and Policy Response in UK Coursework

The Business Cycle and Policy Response in UK - Coursework Example This paper will examine closely the business cycle properties of the UK and government policy through assessment of the role of GDP and monetary policy conditions in modeling the cycle. Figure 1 Accessed on October 22, 2011 from, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/images/2008/uk-GDP-growth-and-house-prices-feb08.jpg Figure 2 Accessed on October 22, 2011 from, http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/macro-uk-economic-cycle_clip_image002.gif There are definitional uncertainties that inevitably hamper GDP and its patterns decomposing into cycles and other components like circular flow. Figure 2 is a representation of the UK’s economy annual growth since 1980. Evident in the chart, two recessions have been experienced for the last 25 years. UK experienced the worst downturn in the 1980s. Later between 1990 and 1991, a recession was then followed by cumulative positive economic growth. The 1990s economic growth remains the longest period of economic expansion before the slowdown tha t was experienced in 2005. Not UK alone, but all other countries experience an economic cycle that causes national output and unemployment to fluctuate in a notable manner. Worth noting, the two main concerns of economic are growth and stabilization. As evident in the graphs, devising government policies have a considerable interest towards influencing the prospects for the growth of the economy and mitigate the frustrations associated the downturns. It is important to evaluate the benefits and costs of any policy with knowledge of the growth and business cycle determinants (Mankiw & Taylor, 2006:405). For the last few years, theoretical and empirical researches have undergone an explosion into growth of the economy. For the theoretical part, there have emerged two economic growth determinants. The first is human capital in which abilities, skills, and knowhow of workers are comprised. From this idea, regular improvement of stock of human capital is the fundamental base for economic growth. In other words, there is need to improve stock of human capital if at all the output of the good being produced are to increase for a fixed quantity of workers. Evidently, there exist a homogeneous impact between economic ability to produce goods and growth resulting from the accumulation of human capital. The second is research and development since growth can be realized if returns are non-decreasing. As technology advances as a result of research and development result to a consequential increase in production of the factors of production. Economists believe that changes in technology homogeneously impact produced goods. According to OECD Publishing (2007:23), the fact that there are fluctuation of production, changes in incomes, and changes in spending habits over time means that business cycle must be experienced. As the structure of economy evolves, the cycles will change thus GDP will influence these cycles. The business cycle in the country has been unstable due to the fluctuations caused by inflation. The increased costs of energy have contributed increasingly to the high rate of inflation, which soared from 4.2% in August 2011 to 5.2% September 2011. Being followed by a sharp downward trend, cutting down interest rates became the only tool to boost the economy and prevent any further financial

Motivational Factor at Tesco Essay Example for Free

Motivational Factor at Tesco Essay These theories concentrate of the benefits and importance of motivation, however researcher found it necessary for this research to consider that as it is mentioned by Vercueil, 2001 incorrectly implemented motivation management causes a harmful affect on the employees. Watt, 1998 refers to Anon saying that in the past motivation could be identifies as a way to make people want what we want and differs it from manipulation that makes individuals do what we want. However today as it mentioned by Bruce and Pepitone, 1999 modern employees are much more sophisticated and are in search for a greater satisfaction from the job they are doing. Artificial reward or money alone are nor enough. Therefore modern organisations need to learn and understand human nature as it indicates why people in these case employees behave in a particular manner. Managers need to motivate the employee leading to a grater working performances and mainly managers have to understand their employees needs and their life organization in order to meet the employees expectations and motivate ones performance more efficiently. Staff retention is a significant element of every successful business. It is characterized by the employees desire to sustain in the organization and continuing contribution to the business. In times of economic crisis more and more individuals have to stay at their jobs even if conditions are not favorable due to a risk of being unable to provide for a family. However more and more individuals are raising the importance of staff motivation management. Organizations today have realized that a modern employee needs to be rightly motivated and encouraged, not only money wise, to ensure staff retention. Motivation is a force that stimulates people to perform an action. Therefore motivation is a force which compel people go to their work every day and that is why people bring improvement in themselves to satisfy the desire of becoming or accomplishing what they have set out to become or accomplish in their life. More over with motivation any complicated situation can be converted into a simple and learning experience. In his research Watt, 2003 also states that managers must understand that individuals want to be treated fairly and have equal opportunities to advance. He highlights the problem of motivation today. Often organizations do not recognize that the motivation management requires different approaches depending on the industry sectors. The problem of motivation and staff performance as it is stated by Green et al, 1999 might stay undetected, hidden and unresolved by the managers. Therefore managers often don’t realize that it is important not only to appeal to the individual’s intellect but to their hearts as well. Green et all, 1999 also identifies three main problems for motivation: Lack of confidence Lack of trust Lack of satisfaction Well designed and implemented motivation strategy leads to employee’s retention therefore employee’s loyalty. Loyalty is a significant and vital part of any organization. As it is mentioned by Daft and Marcic, 2011 management should learn to allow all it s employees make a contribution and use its talents and potential in order to progress and improve their skills. This sort of motivation creates employees retention and ensures ones constant grow and contribution to the company. TK MAXX has a well developed reward and development management. Organization believes that its people should be growing as well as the business. From the first time the employee joins the company organization provides a comprehensive induction programs and ensures that whether it is about moving up the career ladder, learning and development of new skills or gaining experience working in different countries there are plenty of available opportunities for the employees. Company has a strong rewards and benefits system, pension scheme, holidays, private healthcare and voluntary benefits as a part of its employee motivation and ensures of employees happiness and satisfaction. All this provides companies growth and efficient performances with a high rate of employee’s retention. Researcher believes that T. K. Max is a real example of a right motivation management. Organization aims at ensuring satisfaction of its employees and at the same time ensures a solid growth and development for the business. Therefore the researcher wanted to examine the motivation strategies used by T. K. Max and analyze its effect on the employees. 1. 3. The Company Background The organization that we have chosen for our research is one of the most successful retailers in the market today. T. K. Max management in the Uxbridge branch were excited and happy to participate in our research and granted us with a permission to use the organization’s name in this investigation. T-K Maxx is a chain of clothing and accessories stores. The company was launched in 1994. It is a subsidiary of TJX Companies Inc. (TJXtra, JUNE 2010) TK MAXX always aimed to deliver frequently changing and best quality products at a price which is 20-60% less than other department and specialty stores regular prices. TK MAXX has label of â€Å"Always up to 60% less† and has target customers who is middle to upper-middle income shopper. But simultaneously who are fashion and value conscious. T. K. MAXX is now 7th largest fashion retailer in the U. K. It introduced the off price concept in the UK and it is now the only major off-price retailer in Europe. It was operating in UK and Ireland. Later on T. K. Maxx opened first stores in Germany in 2007 and also entered in Poland in 2009 (TJXtra, JUNE 2010) The reason why we the researcher choose TK-Maxx as an organization is its market share and the enormous global scale that it’s operate. Having its unique position in UK market T. K.

Costs, revenue and breaking even Essay -- Business and Management Stud

Costs, revenue and breaking even INTRODUCTION In this part of the coursework I will be looking at costs, revenue and breaking even. To do this we will have to work out our fixed costs, variable costs, expected total revenue, the amount of cars needed to break even and whether we make a profit or loss. A Business Plan Material and Equipment Fixed costs All of these materials and supplies will be bought from a local D.I.Y shop. * 4 sponges incl. 1 revolving sponge: -  £32 * 4 buckets: -  £10 * 4 scrubbing brushes for wheels: -  £4 * Advertising Leaflets: -  £5 * 4 chamois leather: -  £12 Total fixed costs: -  £63 Variable costs The washing up liquid can be bought from any local shop, but the water will be supplied from each of us from our homes although we wont be actually paying for the water it is included for business purposes. * Washing up liquid (10 cars per bottle): -  £2.50 * Water: -  £0.20 (per car) Total Variable Costs: -  £0.45 (per car) Breakeven This is a table to show a break-even analysis for a high price of  £4.00 per car. --------------------------------------------------------------------- No. f. Costs v. Costs t. Costs Revenue Profit/ Loss Of cars. ( £) ( £) ( £) ( £) ( £) 0  £63 0  £63 0 ...